來源:網絡資源 2023-07-08 20:48:41
一、概述
賓語從句是主從復合句的一種。主從復合句是由一個主句和一個或一個以上的從句構成的。主句是復合句的主體,從句僅僅是主句的一個成分,它從屬于主句,不能獨立。從句在全句中充當什么成分,就叫什么從句。賓語從句當中的從句在全句中作賓語。簡單句She knew the teacher(賓語)復合句She knew that the teacher hadseen the film.(賓從)
二、賓語從句
1
語序
無論主句是陳述句還是疑問句,賓語從句都必須使用陳述語序,即“主句+連詞+賓語從句(主語+謂語+……)”句式。根據連接詞在從句中所擔任的不同成分,可分為以下四種:
1)連接詞+謂語。連接詞在從句中作主語。常見的連接詞有:who,what,which等。如:
Could you tell me who knows theanswer,please?你能告訴我誰知道答案嗎?
The small children don't knowwhat is in their stockings.這些小孩子不知道襪子里有什么東西.
I don't know which belongs tomy father.
2)連接詞+名詞+謂語。連接詞在從句中作主語的定語。常見的連接詞有:whose,what,which,how many,how much等。如:
He asked whose handwriting wasthe best in our class.他問我們班上誰的書法最好。
The teacher asked us how manypeople there were in the room.老師問我們房間里有多少人。
3)連接詞+主語+謂語。連接詞在從句中作賓語、狀語或表語。常見的連接詞有:who(m),what,which, how many, how much,when, why, how, where, if /whether(在句中不充當任何成分)。如:
He hasn't decided if he'll goon a trip to Wuxi.他還沒決定是否去無錫旅行。
Could you tell me what I shoulddo with the money ?你能告訴我我如何處理這筆錢嗎?
4)連接詞+名詞+主語+謂語。連接詞在從句中作賓語或表語的定語。常見的連接詞有:what,which,how many,how much,how等。如:
Do you know which class he isin ?你知道他在哪個班嗎?
She asked me if I knew whosepen it was.她問我是否知道這是誰的鋼筆。
2
連接詞
1)當由陳述句充當賓語從句時,用that引導,that無詞義,在口語或非正式文體中常省略。如:
He said that he could finishhis work before supper.他說他會在晚飯前完成工作。
2)當由一般疑問句充當賓語從句時,用if或whether引導,意為“是否”。如:
I don't know if /whether hestill lives here after so many years.
但在下列情況下只能用whether:
①在具有選擇意義,又有or或or not時,尤其是直接與or not連用時,往往用whether(if…or not也可以使用)。如:
Let me know whether /if he willcome or not.(=Let me know whethe or not he will come)
I don't know whether/if he doesany washing or not.(=I don't know whether or not he does any washing.
I wonder whether we stay orwhether we go
②在介詞之后用whether。
如I'm interested in whether helikes English.我關心的是他是否喜歡英語。
We're thinking about whether wecan finish the work on time.
I worry about whether I hurther feelings.我擔心是否傷了她的感情。
③在不定式前用whether。如:
He hasn't decided whether tovisit the old man.他尚未決定是否拜訪那位老人。
I don't know whether to go.我不知去否。
He hasn't decided whether to goby bus or by train.他還未決定是乘公共汽車去還是坐火車去。
④whether置于句首時,不能換用if。如:
Whether this is true or not,I can't say.這是否真的我說不上來。
⑤引導主語從句和表語從句時宜用whether。如:
Whether she will come or not isstill a question.她是否能來還是個問題。
The question is whether we cancatch the bus.問題是我們能否趕上公共汽車。
⑥若用if會引起歧義時,則用whether。如:
Please let me know if you likethe book.可理解為:a. Please let me know whether you like the book.請告訴我你是否喜歡這本書。B. If you like the book, pleaselet me know.你如果喜歡這本書,請告訴我。
3)如果賓語從句原來是特殊疑問句,只需用原來的特殊疑問詞引導。如:
Could you tell me why you werelate for the meeting this morning?
3
時態
含賓語從句的復合句,主、從句謂語動詞的時態呼應應包括以下三點內容:
1)如果主句的謂語動詞是一般現在時,從句的謂語動詞可根據需要,選用相應的任何時態。如:
I don't know when he will comeback.我不知道他將何時回來。
He tells me that his sistercame back yesterday.他告訴我他姐姐昨天回來了。
2)如果主句的謂語動詞是過去時,賓語從句的謂語動詞只可根據需要,選用過去時態即一般過去時、過去進行時、過去將來時或過去完成時的某一種形式。如:
①The children didn't know who hewas.孩子們不知道他是誰。
②He asked his father how ithappened.他問他父親這件事是如何發生的。
3)如果賓語從句所表示的是客觀事實、普遍真理、自然現象或習慣性動作等,不管主句用什么時態,從句時態都用一般現在時。如:
The teacher said that the earthgoes round the sun.老師說地球繞著太陽轉。
4
注意:
if和when既可以引導賓語從句,也可以引導狀語從句,應注意它們在兩種從句中的意思和用法的不同。if和when引導賓語從句時,分別意為“是否”和“何時”,其時態應和主句時態相呼應;它們引導狀語從句時,意思分別為“如果,假如”和“當……時候”,當主句時態是一般將來時時,其時態用一般現在時。它們常常放在含有狀語從句和賓語從句的題干中進行綜合考查。如:
—Do you know when he will comeback tomorrow ?你知道他明天什么時候回來嗎?
—Sorry, I don't know. When hecomes back, I'll tell you.對不起,不知道。當他回來了,我將告訴你。
—I don't know if he will come.我不知道他是否會來。
—He will come if it doesn'train.如果不下雨,他會來的。
賓語從句的復合句轉化為簡單句(六種方法),使其與原句意思相同(或相近)的試題。
方法一:
當主句謂語動詞是hope,decide,wish,choose,agree,promise(和主觀決定有關)等,且賓語從句的主語與主句主語一致時,賓語從句可簡化為不定式結構。例如:
Li Ming hopes he will be backvery soon. →Li Ming hopes to be back very soon.
We decided that we would helphim. →We decided to help him.
方法二:
當主句謂語動詞是know,learn,remember,forget,tell(和記憶認知有關)等動詞,且主句主語與從句主語一致時,賓語從句可簡化為“疑問詞+不定式”結構。例如:
She has forgotten how she canopen the window. →She has forgotten how to open the window.
注:
當主句謂語動詞是tell,ask,show,teach等動詞,且后帶雙賓語,從句主語和間接賓語一致時,賓語從句可簡化為“疑問詞+不定式”結構。例如:
Could you tell me how I can getto the station? →Could you tell me how to get to the station?
方法三:
當主句的謂語動詞是order(命令),require(需要)等時,如果主句和從句的主語不一致,賓語從句可簡化為“名詞(代詞)+不定式”結構。例如:The headmaster ordered that weshould start at once. → The headmaster ordered us to start at once.
方法四:
某些動詞后的賓語從句,可以用介詞加動名詞(短語)等其他形式簡化。例如:
He insisted that he should gowith us. →He insisted on going with us.
The poor boy doesn’t know whenand where he was born. →The poor boy doesn’t know the time and the place of hisbirth.
方法五:
某些動詞后面的賓語從句可轉化為“賓語+V-ing形式(作賓語補足語)”結構。例如:Liu Ping found that there was awallet lying on the ground. → Liu Ping found a wallet lying on the ground.
方法六:
動詞seem后的賓語從句,也可以用不定式(短語)來簡化,但句型需要進行適當的變化。例如:It seemed that the boys weregoing to win. →The boys seemed to win.
除上述方法外,還有一些特殊句式的轉化。例如:
I found that it was difficultto learn English well. →I found it difficult to learn English well.
Soon we found that the groundwas covered with thick snow. →Soon we found the ground covered with thick snow.
They found that the box wasvery heavy. →They found the box very heavy
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